[b3lha]

The fuel and timing tables are straightforward and well understood.

Fuel

There is a target AFR map. The ECU measures how many grams of air are flowing into the engine using the MAF sensor. Then it calculates exactly how many grams of fuel it must mix with that air to achieve the target AFR.

When driving at constant speed, the O2 sensors provide feedback that allows the ECU to tweak the amount of fuel to compensate for the quality of the fuel and the density of the air. When these feedback adjustments have been calculated, they get remembered. (learning).

Timing
There is a "base timing" map and an "permitted advance" map. There is an "advance multiplier" value that determines what percentage of the permitted advance gets added to the base timing. The ECU adjusts the advance multiplier based on the amount of knock detected. If no knock is detected it will slowly increase the advance multiplier towards 100%. When knock is detected, it will backs off a little.